Transforming growth factor beta 1 signalling, wound healing and repair: a multifunctional cytokine with clinical implications for wound repair, a delicate balance

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF beta 1) is a multifunctional cytokine known to be involved in a number of human diseases. It is believed to play an important role in wound healing and repair, as it is a key regulator of the production and remodelling of the extracellular matrix through its effect on mesenchymal cells. Over the last few years, it has become evident that the signalling pathway of TGF beta is complex with numerous receptor-ligand interactions, intracellular pathways and a number of mechanisms, which not only control the signalling but may also decide the response to the TGFb signal. This review focuses on TGFb1 signalling and the role that TGFb1 plays in wound healing, repair and scarring.