Identification of a vacuolar proton channel that triggers the bioluminescent flash in dinoflagellates

In 1972, J. Woodland Hastings and colleagues predicted the existence of a proton selective channel (H(v)1) that opens in response to depolarizing voltage across the vacuole membrane of bioluminescent dinoflagellates and conducts protons into specialized luminescence compartments (scintillons), thereby causing a pH drop that triggers light emission. H(v)1 channels were subsequently identified and demonstrated to have important functions in a multitude of eukaryotic cells. Here we report a predicted protein from Lingulodinium polyedrum that displays hallmark properties of bona fide H(v)1, including time-dependent opening with depolarization, perfect proton selectivity, and characteristic Delta pH dependent gating. Western blotting and fluorescence confocal microscopy of isolated L. polyedrum scintillons immunostained with antibody to LpH(v)1 confirm LpHvi's predicted organellar location. Proteomics analysis demonstrates that isolated scintillon preparations contain peptides that map to LpH(v)1. Finally, Zn2+ inhibits both LpH(v)1 proton current and the acid-induced flash in isolated scintillons. These results implicate LpH(v)1 as the voltage gated proton channel that triggers bioluminescence in L. polyedrum, confirming Hastings' hypothesis. The same channel likely mediates the action potential that communicates the signal along the tonoplast to the scintillon.