β-Adrenergic Agonist and Antagonist Regulation of Autophagy in HepG2 Cells, Primary Mouse Hepatocytes, and Mouse Liver

Autophagy recently has been shown to be involved in normal hepatic function and in pathological conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Adrenergic signalling also is an important regulator of hepatic metabolism and function. However, currently little is known about the potential role of adrenergic signaling on hepatic autophagy, and whether the beta-adrenergic receptor itself may be a key regulator of autophagy. To address these issues, we investigated the actions of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor agonist, clenbuterol on hepatic autophagy. Surprisingly, we found that clenbuterol stimulated autophagy and autophagic flux in hepatoma cells, primary hepatocytes and in vivo. Similar effects also were observed with epinephrine treatment. Interestingly, propranolol caused a late block in autophagy in the absence and presence of clenbuterol, both in cell culture and in vivo. Thus, our results demonstrate that the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor is a key regulator of hepatic autophagy, and that the beta-blocker propranolol can independently induce a late block in autophagy.