Infective Endocarditis with Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody: Report of 13 Cases and Literature Review

Objective: Chronic infections tend to induce the production of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA). Infective endocarditis (IE) has been reported to exhibit positive ANCA tests and to mimic ANCA-associated vasculitis, which may lead to a misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. The aim of this study was to clarify whether there is any difference in the clinical features between ANCA-positive IE and ANCA-negative IE. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 39 IE patients whose proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA levels were measured. After dividing the patients into ANCA-positive and ANCA-negative IE, we compared their clinical features. Results: we compared 13 ANCA-positive IE patients with 26 ANCA-negative IE patients. All 13 ANCA-positive IE patients were proteinase-3-ANCA positive. Compared with the ANCA-negative IE group, the prevalence of edema of the lower extremities, the serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level and positive blood cultures rate were higher in ANCA-positive IE group, but there was no significant difference in other clinical features. Conclusion: Therefore, if a patient presents with fever, arthralgia, skin rash and is ANCA-positive, appropriate steps should be taken to exclude infection (especially IE) before confirming the diagnosis of ANCA-associated vasculitis and embarking on long-term immunosuppressive therapy.