High Glucose-Induced Increased Expression of Endothelin-1 in Human Endothelial Cells Is Mediated by Activated CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Proteins

High glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction is partially mediated by the down-stream pathophysiological effects triggered by increased expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1). The molecular control mechanisms of ET-1 synthesis are yet to be discovered. Members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) family are important regulators of key metabolic processes, cellular differentiation and proinflammatory genes. In this study, we aimed at elucidating the role of C/EBP in mediating the high glucose effect on ET-1 expression in human endothelial cells (EC). Human umbilical vein cells (EAhy926) and primary cultures of human aortic EC were exposed to high levels of glucose (16.5-25 mM). Real-time PCR, Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ET-1 promoter-luciferase reporter analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were employed to investigate ET-1 regulation. High glucose activated C/EBP alpha, C/EBP beta, and C/EBP delta in a dose-dependent manner. It also promoted significant increases in ET-1 gene and peptide expression. Chemical inhibition of JNK, p38MAPK and ERK1/2 diminished significantly the high glucose-induced nuclear translocation of C/EBP and ET-1 expression. Silencing of C/EBP alpha, C/EBP beta or C/EBP delta greatly reduced the high glucose-induced upregulation of ET-1 mRNA, pre-pro-ET-1, and ET-1 secretion. The expression of various C/EBP isoforms was selectively downregulated by siRNA-mediated gene silencing. In silico analysis indicated the existence of typical C/EBP elements within human ET-1 gene promoter. Transient overexpression of C/EBP alpha, C/EBP beta or C/EBP delta upregulated the luciferase level controlled by the ET-1 gene promoter. The direct interaction of C/EBP alpha, C/EBP beta or C/EBP delta proteins with the ET-1 promoter in high glucose-exposed EC was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. High glucose-induced ET-1 expression is mediated through multiple mechanisms. We present evidence that members of the C/EBP proinflammatory transcription factors are important regulators of ET-1 in high glucose-exposed human endothelial cells. High glucose-induced activation of C/EBP-related signaling pathways may induce excessive ET-1 synthesis, thus promoting vasoconstriction and dysfunction of the vascular wall cells in diabetes.