Insulin Regulates Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Transcription by Reactive Oxygen Species Sensitive Activation of Sp1 in 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte

Oxygen sensing transcription factor HIF-1 is activated due to accumulation of regulatory subunit HIF-1 alpha by posttranslational stability mechanism during hypoxia or by several other stimuli even in normoxia. HIF-1 alpha is also regulated by NF-kB mediated transcription mechanism. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as an important regulator of HIF-1 either by affecting prolyl hydroxylase activity, the critical determinant of HIF-1 alpha stabilization or by activating NF-kB to promote HIF-1 alpha transcription. Insulin is known to activate HIF-1 by a ROS dependent mechanism but the molecular mechanism of HIF-1 alpha regulation is not known so far. Here we show that insulin regulates HIF-1 alpha by a novel transcriptional mechanism by a ROS-sensitive activation of Sp1 in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte. Insulin shows little effect on HIF-1 alpha protein stability, but increases HIF-1 alpha promoter activity. Mutation analyses, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirm the role of Sp1 in HIF-1 alpha transcription. We further demonstrate that insulin-induced ROS generation initiates signaling pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C for Sp1 mediated HIF-1 alpha transcription. In summary, we reveal that insulin regulates HIF-1 alpha by a novel transcriptional mechanism involving Sp1.