Journal
PLOS ONE
Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages -Publisher
PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060542
Keywords
-
Categories
Funding
- National Institutes of Health [N01-AG-12100]
- NIA Intramural Research Program, Hjartavernd (the Icelandic Heart Association)
- Althingi (the Icelandic Parliament)
- Austrian Science Fond (FWF) [P20545-P05, P13180]
- EUROSPAN (European Special Populations Research Network)
- European Commission [018947, LSHG-CT-2006-01947, QLG1-CT-2000-01643]
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, Erasmus MC
- Centre for Medical Systems Biology (CMSB)
- Netherlands Brain Foundation (Hersenstichting Nederland)
- government of Rheinland-Pfalz (Stiftung Rheinland Pfalz fur Innovation) [AZ 961-386261/733]
- Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz
- Boehringer Ingelheim
- Philips Medical Systems
- Gutenberg Health Study [H2000]
- budgetary funds of National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL)
- Finnish Centre for Pensions (ETK)
- Social Insurance Institution of Finland (KELA)
- Local Government Pensions Institution (KEVA)
- Academy of Finland [120315, 129287, 1129457, 1216965, 120386, 125876, 104781, 129418, 126925, 121584, 124282, 129378, 117787, 41071]
- Finnish Diabetes Research Society
- Folkhalsan Research Foundation
- Novo Nordisk Foundation
- Finska Lakaresallskapet
- European Science Foundation (EuroSTRESS)
- Wellcome Trust [89061/Z/09/Z, 089062/Z/09/Z]
- Samfundet Folkhalsan
- Signe and Ane Gyllenberg foundation
- Finnish Academy SALVE program Pubgensense [129322]
- National Institute on Aging [NIA U01AG009740, NO1-AG-1-2109]
- Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen
- German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
- German National Genome Research Network (NGFN)
- Munich Center of Health Sciences (MC Health) as part of LMUinnovativ [NFBC1966]
- Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics and SALVE
- University Hospital Oulu, Biocenter, University of Oulu, Finland [75617]
- NHLBI through the STAMPEED program [5R01HL087679-02, 1RL1MH083268-01]
- NIH/NIMH [5R01MH63706:02]
- ENGAGE project [HEALTH-F4-2007-201413]
- Medical Research Council, UK [G0500539, G0600705]
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [904-61-090, 985-10-002, 904-61-193, 480-04-004, 400-05-717, Addiction-31160008 Middelgroot-911-09-032, Spinozapremie 56-46414192]
- Center for Medical Systems Biology (CSMB, NWO Genomics)
- NBIC/BioAssist/RK [2008.024]
- Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure (BBMRI-NL) [184.021.007]
- VU University's Institute for Health and Care Research (EMGO+)
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA)
- European Science Foundation (ESF) [EU/QLRT-2001-01254]
- European Community
- ENGAGE [HEALTH-F4-2007-201413]
- European Science Council (ERC) [230374]
- Rutgers University Cell and DNA Repository [NIMH U24 MH068457-06]
- Avera Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota (USA)
- National Institutes of Health (NIH) [R01D0042157-01A]
- Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN) of the Foundation for the US National Institutes of Health
- NIMH [MH081802]
- Grand Opportunity from the NIMH [1RC2MH089951-01, 1RC2 MH089995-01]
- Erasmus Medical Center and Erasmus University, Rotterdam
- Netherlands Organization for the Health Research and Development (ZonMw)
- Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly (RIDE)
- Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
- Ministry for Health, Welfare and Sports
- Municipality of Rotterdam
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research NWO Investments [175.010.2005.011, 911-03-012]
- Research Institute for Diseases in the Elderly [014-93-015]
- Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)/Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA) [050-060-810]
- Netherlands Scientific Organization [NWO 480-05-003]
- Intramural Research Program of the National Institute on Aging, NIH
- Federal Ministry of Education and Research [BMBF 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, 03IS2061A, 03ZIK012]
- Ministry of Cultural Affairs as well as the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania
- Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany
- Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania
- Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research
- Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation
- Ragnar Soderberg Foundation
- Ministry for Higher Education
- Swedish Research Council [M-2005-1112]
- GenomEUtwin [EU/QLRT-2001-01254, QLG2-CT-2002-01254]
- NIH [DK U01-066134]
- Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)
- Heart and Lung foundation [20070481]
- Greek General Secretary of Research and Technology [PENED 2003]
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
- Wellcome Trust
- Dept of Health via the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award
- National Eye Institute via an NIH/CIDR genotyping project
- Social Insurance Institution of Finland, Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospital Medical Funds [9M048]
- Juho Vainio Foundation
- Paavo Nurmi Foundation
- Finnish Foundation of Cardiovascular Research and Finnish Cultural Foundation
- Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation
- Emil Aaltonen Foundation
- MRC [G0600705] Funding Source: UKRI
- Medical Research Council [G0600705] Funding Source: researchfish
- Direct For Social, Behav & Economic Scie
- Divn Of Social and Economic Sciences [1064089] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Academy of Finland (AKA) [129418, 129418] Funding Source: Academy of Finland (AKA)
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Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (sigma(2)(g)/sigma(2)(P) = 25%, h(2) = 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10(-5) were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (p >= 0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases.
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