Journal
PLOS ONE
Volume 8, Issue 3, Pages -Publisher
PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058129
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Funding
- Swedish governmental funding for clinical research (ALF)
- Swedish Research Council [2010-57X-20240]
- Foundations of Wiberg
- Foundations of Kock
- Foundations of Bergvall
- Foundations of Osterlund
- Foundations of Hedberg
- Foundations of Hedlund
- Foundations of Groschinsky
- Foundations of Soderberg
- Swedish Society for Medicine
- Royal Physiograc Society, King Gustaf Vs Memorial Fund
- Medical Faculty at Lund University
- Hansa Medical AB
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Chemokines and chemokine receptor-mediated effects are important mediators of the immunological response and cure in human leishmaniasis. However, in addition to their signalling properties for leukocytes, many chemokines have also been shown to act directly as antimicrobial peptides on bacteria and fungi. We screened ten human chemokines (CXCL2, CXCL6, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3, CCL20, CCL27, CCL28) for antimicrobial effects on the promastigote form of the protozoan parasite Leishmania mexicana, and observed direct parasiticidal effects of several, CCL28 being the most potent. Damage to the plasma membrane integrity could be visualised by entrance of propidium iodide, as measured with flow cytometry, and by scanning electron microscopy, which showed morphological changes and aggregation of cells. The findings were in concordance with parasiticidal activity, measured by decreased mitochondrial activity in an MTT-assay. This is the first report of direct antimicrobial activity by chemokines on parasites. This component of immunity against Leishmania parasites identified here warrants further investigation that might lead to new insight in the mechanisms of human infection and/or new therapeutic approaches.
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