Journal
PLOS ONE
Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053376
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Funding
- Department of Defense [W81XWH-11-1-0634]
- University of South Florida Signature Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience funds
- University of South Florida and Veterans Administration Reintegration Funds
- University of South Florida Neuroscience Collaborative Program
- National Institutes of Health [1R01NS071956-01A1]
- James and Esther King Biomedical Research Foundation [1KG01-33966]
- SanBio Inc.
- KMPHC
- NeuralStem Inc.
- National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [1R01NS071956-01]
- James and Esther King Foundation for Biomedical Research Program
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The long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI), specifically the detrimental effects of inflammation on the neurogenic niches, are not very well understood. In the present in vivo study, we examined the prolonged pathological outcomes of experimental TBI in different parts of the rat brain with special emphasis on inflammation and neurogenesis. Sixty days after moderate controlled cortical impact injury, adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were euthanized and brain tissues harvested. Antibodies against the activated microglial marker, OX6, the cell cycle-regulating protein marker, Ki67, and the immature neuronal marker, doublecortin, DCX, were used to estimate microglial activation, cell proliferation, and neuronal differentiation, respectively, in the subventricular zone (SVZ), subgranular zone (SGZ), striatum, thalamus, and cerebral peduncle. Stereology-based analyses revealed significant exacerbation of OX6-positive activated microglial cells in the striatum, thalamus, and cerebral peduncle. In parallel, significant decrements in Ki67-positive proliferating cells in SVZ and SGZ, but only trends of reduced DCX-positive immature neuronal cells in SVZ and SGZ were detected relative to sham control group. These results indicate a progressive deterioration of the TBI brain over time characterized by elevated inflammation and suppressed neurogenesis. Therapeutic intervention at the chronic stage of TBI may confer abrogation of these deleterious cell death processes.
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