In Situ Prior Proliferation of CD4+ CCR6+ Regulatory T Cells Facilitated by TGF-β Secreting DCs Is Crucial for Their Enrichment and Suppression in Tumor Immunity

Background: CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), a heterogeneous population, were enrichment in tumor mass and played an important role in modulating anti-tumor immunity. Recently, we reported a Treg subset, CCR6(+) Tregs but not CCR6(-)Tregs, were enriched in tumor mass and closely related to poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we carefully evaluate the enrichment of CCR6(+) Tregs in tumor mass during progression of breast cancer and explore its possible mechanism. Methodology/Principal Findings: The frequency of CCR6(+) Tregs in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was analyzed at early stage and at late stage of tumor in a murine breast cancer model by FACS respectively. The expansion of CCR6(+) Tregs and their CCR6(-) counterpart in tumor mass were determined by BrdU incorporation assay. The effect and its possible mechanism of tumor-resident antigen presenting cells (APCs) on the proliferation of CCR6(+) Tregs also were evaluated. The role of local expansion of CCR6(+) Tregs in their enrichment and suppression in vivo also was evaluated in adoptive cell transfer assay. We found that the prior enrichment of CCR6(+) Tregs but not CCR6(-) Tregs in tumor mass during progression of murine breast cancer, which was dependent on the dominant proliferation of CCR6(+) Tregs in situ. Further study demonstrated that tumor-resident DCs triggered the proliferation of CCR6(+) Treg cells in TGF-b dependent manner. Adoptive transfer of CCR6(+) Tregs was found to potently inhibit the function of CD8(+) T cells in vivo, which was dependent on their proliferation and subsequently enrichment in tummor mass. Conclusions/Significance: Our finding suggested that CCR6(+) Tregs, a distinct subset of Tregs, exert its predominant suppressive role in tumor immunity through prior in situ expansion, which might ultimately provide helpful thoughts for the designing of Treg-based immunotherapy for tumor in the future.