Tocotrienols in Vellozia gigantea leaves: occurrence and modulation by seasonal and plant size effects

Vitamin E occurs in all photosynthetic organisms examined to date. Tocopherols predominate in photosynthetic tissues (alpha-tocopherol being the major form), while either tocopherols or tocotrienols (or both) are present in seeds. Tocotrienols have not been described in photosynthetic tissues thus far. Here, we report on the presence of tocotrienols in leaves of higher plants. Both tocopherols and tocotrienols accumulated in leaves of Vellozia gigantea, an endemic plant found in the rupestrian fields of Serra do Cip, Brazil. Increased plant size had a remarkable effect on the vitamin E composition of leaves, alpha-tocopherol and beta-tocotrienol levels being highest in the largest individuals, but only during the dry season. Vitamin E levels positively correlated with lipid hydroxyperoxide levels, which also increased in the largest individuals during the dry season. However, the maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F (v)/F (m) ratio) kept above 0.75 throughout the experiment, thus indicating absence of photoinhibitory damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. It is concluded that higher plants, such as V. gigantea, can accumulate tocotrienols in leaves, aside from tocopherols, and that the levels of both tocopherols and tocotrienols in the leaves of this species are strongly modulated by seasonal and plant size effects.