Identification and optimization of tyrosine hydroxylase activity in Mucuna pruriens DC. var. utilis

Tyrosine hydroxylase, an iron containing tetrahydrobiopterin dependent monooxygenase (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; EC 1.14.16.2), catalyzes the rate-limiting step in which l-dopa is formed from the substrate l-tyrosine. l-Dopa concentration and activity of l-tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme were measured in roots, stem, leaves, pods, and immature seeds of Mucuna pruriens. Immature seeds contained maximum l-dopa content and mature leaves possessed maximum catalytic activity of tyrosine hydroxylase. Tyrosine hydroxylase from leaf homogenate was characterized as a 55 kDa protein by SDS-PAGE and Western-blot analysis with monoclonal mouse IgG2a tyrosine hydroxylase antibody. The conditions for maximum tyrosine hydroxylase activity from the leaf extract were optimized with respect to temperature, pH, cofactor 6-MPH4, and divalent metal ions. The tyrosine hydroxylase from leaf extract possessed a K (m) value of 808.63 mu M for l-tyrosine at 37A degrees C and pH 6.0. The activity of the enzyme was slightly inhibited at 2,000 mu M l-tyrosine. Higher concentrations of the cofactor 6-MPH4, however, completely inhibited the synthesis of l-dopa. Tyrosine hydroxylase converted specific monophenols such as l-tyrosine (808.63 mu M) and tyramine (K (m) 1.1 mM) to diphenols l-dopa and dopamine, respectively. Fe(II) activated the enzyme while higher concentration of other divalent metals reduced its activity. For the first time, tyrosine hydroxylase from M. pruriens is being reported in this study.