Association of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' root infection, but not phloem plugging with root loss on huanglongbing- affected trees prior to appearance of foliar symptoms

Huanglongbing (HLB) is a systemic disease of citrus caused by phloem-limited bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter' spp. with Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las) the most widespread. Phloem-limited bacteria such as liberibacters and phytoplasmas are emerging as major pathogens of woody and herbaceous plants. Little is known about their systemic movement within a plant and the disease process in these tissues. Las movement after initial infection was monitored in leaves and roots of greenhouse trees. Root density, storage starch content, and vascular system anatomy in relation to Las presence in field and greenhouse trees, both with and without symptoms, showed the importance of root infection in disease development. Las preferentially colonized roots before leaves, where it multiplied and quickly invaded leaves when new foliar flush became a sink tissue for phloem flow. This led to the discovery that roots were damaged by root infection prior to development of visible foliar symptoms and was not associated with carbohydrate starvation caused by phloem-plugging as previously hypothesized. The role of root infection in systemic insect-vectored bacterial pathogens has been underestimated. These findings demonstrate the significance of early root infection to tree health and suggest a model for phloem-limited bacterial movement from the initial insect feeding site to the roots where it replicates, damages the host root system, and then spreads to the rest of the canopy during subsequent leaf flushes. This model provides a framework for testing movement of phloem-limited bacteria to gain greater understanding of how these pathogens cause disease and spread.