Journal
PLANT JOURNAL
Volume 73, Issue 1, Pages 14-25Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05103.x
Keywords
Arabidopsis thaliana; Spodoptera littoralis; Herbivory; plasmodesmata; calcium and reactive oxygen species signaling; jasmonates; volatile organic compounds; potassium channels; systemic signaling
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Funding
- Doctorate School of Pharmaceutical and Molecular Sciences (University of Turin)
- UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- John Innes Foundation
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Herbivory results in an array of physiological changes in the host that are separable from the associated physical damage. We have made the surprising observation that an Arabidopsis line (pdko3) mutated in genes encoding plasmodesmal proteins is defective in some, but not all, of the typical plant responses to herbivory. We tested the responses of plasma transmembrane potential (Vm) depolarization, voltage gated K+ channel activity, cytosolic calcium [Ca2+](cyt) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H2O2 and NO) release, shoot-to-root signaling, biosynthesis of the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) and the elicitation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Following herbivory and the release of factors present in insect oral secretions (including a putative beta-galactofuranose polysaccharide), both the pdko3 and wild type (WT) plants showed a increased accumulation of [Ca2+](cyt), NO and H2O2. In contrast, unlike WT plants, the mutant line showed an almost complete loss of voltage gated K+ channel activity and Vm depolarization, a loss of shoot-induced root-Vm depolarization, a loss of activation and regulation of gene expression of the JA defense pathway, and a much diminished release and altered profile of VOCs. The mutations in genes for plasmodesmal proteins have provided valuable genetic tools for the dissection of the complex spectrum of responses to herbivory and shown us that the responses to herbivory can be separated into a calcium-activated oxidative response and a K+-dependent Vm-activated jasmonate response associated with the release of VOCs.
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