Journal
PLANT ECOLOGY & DIVERSITY
Volume 6, Issue 3-4, Pages 487-494Publisher
TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/17550874.2012.702793
Keywords
achene production; alpine habitats; flower orientation; nodding capitulum; pollen viability; pollinator attractiveness
Categories
Funding
- Chinese Academy of Sciences [2011312D11022, KSCX2-EW-J-24]
- Yunnan Natural Science Foundation [2008CC013]
- Natural Science Foundation of China [U1136601, 40930209, 30900084]
- Western Light Talent Culture Project [292009312D11015, 292010312D11037]
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Background: Flower orientation is considered an evolutionary response to pollinators and abiotic factors. Several members of the genus Cremanthodium (Asteraceae) growing in alpine habitats in the Sino-Himalayas have conspicuously nodding capitula, the function of which is not understood. Aims: We investigated the influences of nodding capitula on floral thermal conditions, pollinator visitation rate, pollen viability and achene production in Cremanthodium campanulatum. Results: (1) the nodding capitulum did not modify internal thermal conditions, but the elongated involucral bracts could shelter pollen from UV-B radiation; (2) water and UV-B radiation seriously reduced the viability of pollen grains; (3) capitula artificially held erect set significantly fewer achenes than nodding ones; and (4) no pollinator preference was observed between capitula that were artificially held erect and natural nodding ones. Conclusions: This study indicated that the nodding capitulum of C. campanulatum may protect pollen from being damaged by UV-B radiation, being washed away from the anther and stigma, and enable it to avoid rain damage during the wet monsoonal period. Our results suggest that nodding capitula in C. campanulatum possibly confer a selective advantage and may be driven by non-biological agents rather than pollinator attractors.
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