Journal
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH
Volume 51, Issue 8, Pages 6177-6196Publisher
AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION
DOI: 10.1002/2014WR016129
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Funding
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Biological and Environmental Research (BER), BER's Subsurface Biogeochemistry Research Program (SBR)
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This paper describes and demonstrates two methods of providing a priori information to the surface-based time-lapse three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) problem for monitoring stage-driven or tide-driven surface water intrusion into aquifers. First, a mesh boundary is implemented that conforms to the known location of the water table through time, thereby enabling the inversion to place a sharp bulk conductivity contrast at that boundary without penalty. Second, a nonlinear inequality constraint is used to allow only positive or negative transient changes in EC to occur within the saturated zone, dependent on the relative contrast in fluid electrical conductivity between surface water and groundwater. A 3-D field experiment demonstrates that time-lapse imaging results using traditional smoothness constraints are unable to delineate river water intrusion. The water table and inequality constraints provide the inversion with the additional information necessary to resolve the spatial extent of river water intrusion through time.
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