From Point Defects in Graphene to Two-Dimensional Amorphous Carbon

While crystalline two-dimensional materials have become an experimental reality during the past few years, an amorphous 2D material has not been reported before. Here, using electron irradiation we create an sp(2)-hybridized one-atom-thick flat carbon membrane with a random arrangement of polygons, including four-membered carbon rings. We show how the transformation occurs step by step by nucleation and growth of low-energy multivacancy structures constructed of rotated hexagons and other polygons. Our observations, along with first-principles calculations, provide new insights to the bonding behavior of carbon and dynamics of defects in graphene. The created domains possess a band gap, which may open new possibilities for engineering graphene-based electronic devices.