Perpendicular spin torques in magnetic tunnel junctions

We quantitatively determine a perpendicular spin torque in magnetic tunnel junctions by measuring the room-temperature critical switching current at various magnetic fields and current pulse widths. We find that the magnitude of the torque is proportional to the product of the current density and the bias voltage, and the direction of the torque reverses as the polarity of the voltage changes. By taking into account the energy-dependent inelastic scattering of tunnel electrons, we formulate the bias dependence of the perpendicular spin torque which is in qualitative agreement with the experimental results.