Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW E
Volume 83, Issue 1, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.83.016403
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Funding
- Swedish Research Council
- Helmoltz Association [VH-VI-302]
- DFG Cluster of Excellence at the Munich Centre for Advanced Photonics
- Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation
- Czech Ministry of Education [LC510, LC528, ME10046, LA08024]
- Academy of Sciences [AV0Z10100523, IAAX00100903, KAN300100702]
- MSHE of Poland [DESY/68/2007]
- European Union [RII3-CT-2004-506008]
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Studies of materials under extreme conditions have relevance to a broad area of research, including planetary physics, fusion research, materials science, and structural biology with x-ray lasers. We study such extreme conditions and experimentally probe the interaction between ultrashort soft x-ray pulses and solid targets (metals and their deuterides) at the FLASH free-electron laser where power densities exceeding 10(17) W/cm(2) were reached. Time-of-flight ion spectrometry and crater analysis were used to characterize the interaction. The results show the onset of saturation in the ablation process at power densities above 10(16) W/cm(2). This effect can be linked to a transiently induced x-ray transparency in the solid by the femtosecond x-ray pulse at high power densities. The measured kinetic energies of protons and deuterons ejected from the surface reach several keV and concur with predictions from plasma-expansion models. Simulations of the interactions were performed with a nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium code with radiation transfer. These calculations return critical depths similar to the observed crater depths and capture the transient surface transparency at higher power densities.
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