Multiple electroconvection scenarios in a bent-core nematic liquid crystal

We report on the anisotropic electrohydrodynamic states formed over a wide temperature range (similar to 45 degrees C) in a planarly aligned bent-core nematic liquid crystal driven by fields of frequency in the range 0.1 Hz-1 MHz. Three different primary bifurcation scenarios are generated in the voltage-frequency (V-f) plane, depending on the temperature T. These, under increasing T, are characterized by the pattern sequences (i) in-plane longitudinal rolls (ILR) -> in-plane normal rolls 1 (INR1), (ii) Williams rolls (WR) -> ILR -> INR1, and (iii) WR -> INR2 -> INR1. Temperature-induced ILR -> INR2 transition, the first example of its kind, points to elastic anisotropy as possibly the determining factor in wave vector selection. In the ILR and INR states, at threshold, the director modulations are predominantly azimuthal, and the streamlines, mainly normal to the wave vector, lie in the sample plane. Well above threshold, growing director deviations lead to narrow disclination loops that evolve in regular arrays, with their area density being exponential in voltage. The defects drift in a coordinated manner along the flow lines with a speed that scales nonlinearly with voltage; they mediate in the eventual occurrence of turbulence. The current theories of anisotropic convection based on static electrical parameters fail to account for the observed high-frequency instabilities. The study includes (i) a quantitative characterization of the critical parameter functions V-c(f), V-c(T), q(c)(f), and q(c)(T), with qc denoting the critical pattern wave number, and (ii) measurement of electrical and elastic parameters of relevance to electroconvection; the latter show anomalous features supporting the cluster hypothesis.