Journal
PHYSICAL REVIEW A
Volume 88, Issue 2, Pages -Publisher
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.88.022318
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Funding
- National Basic Research Program of China (973) [2011CBA00300 (2011CBA00301)]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [11350110207, 61033001, 61061130540]
- 1000 Youth Fellowship Program of China
- Government of Canada through NSERC
- Province of Ontario through MRI
- Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) via Department of Interior National Business Center [D11PC20168 [41]]
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We show that quantum theory allows for transformations of black boxes that cannot be realized by inserting the input black boxes within a circuit in a predefined causal order. The simplest example of such a transformation is the classical switch of black boxes, where two input black boxes are arranged in two different orders conditionally on the value of a classical bit. The quantum version of this transformation-the quantum switch-produces an output circuit where the order of the connections is controlled by a quantum bit, which becomes entangled with the circuit structure. Simulating these transformations in a circuit with fixed causal structure requires either postselection or an extra query to the input black boxes.
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