Journal
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
Volume 14, Issue 16, Pages 5635-5641Publisher
ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40466d
Keywords
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Funding
- Sustainable Energy Education Research Center
- Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences at the University of Tennessee
- National Science Foundation [DMR-1005987]
- Department of Energy, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering
- Scientific User Facilities Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy
- Division Of Materials Research
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [1005987] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Office Of The Director
- EPSCoR [1004083] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Office Of The Director
- EPSCoR [GRANTS:13820817] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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Recent work has shown that poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the surface-functionalized fullerene 1-(3-methyloxycarbonyl) propyl(1-phenyl[6,6])C-61 (PCBM) are much more miscible than originally thought, and the evidence of this miscibility requires a return to understanding the optimal morphology and structure of organic photovoltaic active layers. This manuscript describes the results of experiments that were designed to provide quantitative thermodynamic information on the miscibility, interdiffusion, and depth profile of P3HT : PCBM thin films that are formed by thermally annealing initial bilayers. It is found that the resultant thin films consist of a 'bulk' layer that is not influenced by the air or substrate surface. The composition of PCBM in this 'bulk' layer increases with increased PCBM loading in the original bilayer until the 'bulk' layer contains 22 vol% PCBM. The introduction of additional PCBM into the sample does not increase the amount of PCBM dispersed in this 'bulk' layer. This observation is interpreted to indicate that the miscibility limit of PCBM in P3HT is 22 vol%, while the precise characterization of the depth profiles in these films shows that the PCBM selectively segregates to the silicon and near air surface. The selective segregation of the PCBM near the air surface is ascribed to an entropic driving force.
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