Journal
PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Volume 389, Issue 20, Pages 4406-4417Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.physa.2010.01.001
Keywords
Work relations; Second law; Out of equilibrium
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Funding
- Division Of Chemistry
- Direct For Mathematical & Physical Scien [0841557] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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For macroscopic systems, the second law of thermodynamics establishes an inequality between the amount of work performed on a system in contact with a thermal reservoir, and the change in its free energy. For microscopic systems, this result must be considered statistically, as fluctuations around average behavior become substantial. In recent years it has become recognized that these fluctuations satisfy a number of strong and unexpected relations, which remain valid even when the system is driven far from equilibrium. We discuss these relations, and consider what they reveal about the second law of thermodynamics and the nature of irreversibility at the microscale. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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