Journal
PHARMACOLOGY & THERAPEUTICS
Volume 139, Issue 2, Pages 189-212Publisher
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.04.006
Keywords
Inflammation; Resolution; Granulocyte apoptosis; Signaling pathways; Tissue repair
Categories
Funding
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, Brazil)
- Comissao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior (CAPES, Brazil)
- Pro-reitoria de Pesquisa (PRPq/UFMG, Brazil)
- Fundacao do Amparo a Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG, Brazil)
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia (INCT in Dengue)
- European Community [HEALTH-F4-2011-281608]
- Chief Scientist Office (Scotland) [ETM/86]
- Wellcome Trust [WT094415]
- Medical Research Council [G0601481]
- MRC [G0901697, MR/K013386/1, G0601481] Funding Source: UKRI
- Chief Scientist Office [ETM/86] Funding Source: researchfish
- Medical Research Council [MR/K013386/1, G0601481, G0901697] Funding Source: researchfish
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Inflammation is a beneficial host reaction to tissue damage and has the essential primary purpose of restoring tissue homeostasis. Inflammation plays a major role in containing and resolving infection and may also occur under sterile conditions. The cardinal signs of inflammation dolor, color, tumor and rubor are intrinsically associated with events including vasodilatation, edema and leukocyte trafficking into the site of inflammation. If uncontrolled or unresolved, inflammation itself can lead to further tissue damage and give rise to chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity with eventual loss of organ function. It is now evident that the resolution of inflammation is an active continuous process that occurs during an acute inflammatory episode. Successful resolution requires activation of endogenous programs with switch from production of pro-inflammatory towards pro-resolving molecules, such as specific lipid mediators and annexin A1, and the non-phlogistic elimination of granulocytes by apoptosis with subsequent removal by surrounding macrophages. These processes ensure rapid restoration of tissue homeostasis. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of resolution of inflammation, highlighting the pharmacological strategies that may interfere with the molecular pathways which control leukocyte survival and clearance. Such strategies have proved beneficial in several pre-clinical models of inflammatory diseases, suggesting that pharmacological modulation of the resolution process may be useful for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases in humans. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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