PGC-1α-mediated adaptations in skeletal muscle

Lifestyle-related diseases are rapidly increasing at least in part due to less physical activity. The health beneficial effects of regular physical activity include metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle, which are thought to be elicited by cumulative effects of transient gene responses to each single exercise, but how is this regulated? A potential candidate in this is the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1 alpha, which has been identified as a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, but also been shown to regulate proteins involved in angiogenesis and the anti-oxidant defence as well as to affect expression of inflammatory markers. Exercise increases PGC-1 alpha transcription and potentially PGC-1 alpha activity through post-translational modifications, and concomitant PGC-1 alpha-mediated gene regulation is suggested to be an underlying mechanism for adaptations in skeletal muscle, when exercise is repeated. The current review presents some of the key findings in PGC-1 alpha-mediated regulation of metabolically related, anti-oxidant and inflammatory proteins in skeletal muscle in the basal state and in response to exercise training, and describes functional significance of PGC-1 alpha-mediated effects in skeletal muscle. In addition, regulation of PGC-1 alpha expression and activity in skeletal muscle is described. The impact of changes in PGC-1 alpha expression in mouse skeletal muscle and the ability of PGC-1 alpha to regulate multiple pathways and functions underline the potential importance of PGC-1 alpha in skeletal muscle adaptations in humans. The absence of exercise-induced PGC-1 alpha-mediated gene regulation during a physical inactive lifestyle is suggested to lead to reduced oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle and concomitant impaired metabolism.