Morbidity and Mortality of Neonatal Respiratory Failure in China: Surfactant Treatment in Very Immature Infants

OBJECTIVES: We retrospectively investigated incidence, morbidity, and mortality of neonatal respiratory failure (NRF) in China, with special emphasis on surfactant treated very immature infants. METHODS: NRF was defined as respiratory hypoxemia requiring mechanical ventilation and/or nasal continuous positive airway pressure for at least 24 hours. RESULTS: There were 6864 cases of NRF, composing 19.7% of total admissions to 55 NICUs in 2008. Of these cases, 62.8% were preterm, and 16.4% of very low birth weight (VLBW, < 1500 g). The primary diseases were respiratory distress syndrome (RDS, 43.9%), pneumonia/sepsis (21.7%), transient respiratory insufficiency (14.7%), transient tachypnea (8.1%), and meconium aspiration syndrome (7.0%). Surfactant was given to 26.8% of infants with NRF and 54.8% infants with RDS. The survival rate of surfactant-treated RDS was 79.9% compared to 71.8% in those not receiving surfactant (P < .001). This was also true in those of VLBW, 59.8% vs 52.2% (P = .035), respectively. The overall survival rate in NRF cases was 75.3%, but it was 58.1% among VLBW infants; for those infants of 25, 26, and 27 to 28 weeks' gestational age, the survival rates were similar to 6%, 30%, and 50%, respectively; and the survival rates for infants with meconium aspiration syndrome and pneumonia/ sepsis were 70.3% and 71.4%, respectively. The care burden was associated with high treatment withdrawal and death rate. CONCLUSIONS: The outcomes of NRF, especially in extremely premature infants, reflect both progress and persistent limitations in providing respiratory support in the emerging NICUs of China, but overall survival for sick newborns had improved steadily. Pediatrics 2012; 129: e731-e740