Journal
TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY
Volume 23, Issue 5, Pages 289-295Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.02.003
Keywords
human immunodeficiency virus; cell-to-cell transmission; virological synapse; antiretroviral therapy
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Funding
- NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA098727] Funding Source: Medline
- NIAID NIH HHS [R03 AI106444, R01 AI084096] Funding Source: Medline
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HIV spreads more efficiently in vitro when infected cells directly contact uninfected cells to form virological synapses. A hallmark of virological synapses is that viruses can be transmitted at a higher multiplicity of infection (MOI) that, in vitro, results in a higher number of proviruses. Whether HIV also spreads by cell-cell contact in vivo is a matter of debate. Here we discuss recent data that suggest that contact-mediated transmission largely manifests itself in vivo as CD4+ T cell depletion. The assault of a cell by a large number of incoming particles is likely to be efficiently sensed by the innate cellular surveillance to trigger cell death. The large number of particles transferred across virological synapses has also been implicated in reduced efficacy of antiretroviral therapies. Thus, antiretroviral therapies must remain effective against the high MOI observed during cell-to-cell transmission to inhibit both viral replication and the pathogenesis associated with HIV infection.
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