Journal
TRENDS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM
Volume 26, Issue 4, Pages 193-200Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON
DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.01.006
Keywords
obesity; type 2 diabetes; insulin resistance; BMP4; Gremlin1; adipogenesis
Categories
Funding
- Swedish Research Council
- Swedish Diabetes Foundation
- Torsten Soderberg Foundation
- Novo Nordisk Foundation
- IngaBritt and Arne Lundberg Foundation
- Edgar Sjolund Foundation
- Novo Nordisk Fonden [NNF14OC0009795] Funding Source: researchfish
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The adipose tissue is crucial in regulating insulin sensitivity and risk for diabetes through its lipid storage capacity and thermogenic and endocrine functions. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) stores excess lipids through expansion of adipocytes (hypertrophic obesity) and/or recruitment of new precursor cells (hyperplastic obesity). Hypertrophic obesity in humans, a characteristic of genetic predisposition for diabetes, is associated with abdominal obesity, ectopic fat accumulation, and the metabolic syndrome (MS), while the ability to recruit new adipocytes prevents this. We review the regulation of adipogenesis, its relation to SAT expandability and the risks of ectopic fat accumulation, and insulin resistance. The actions of GLUT4 in SAT, including a novel family of lipids enhancing insulin sensitivity/secretion, and the function of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in white and beige/brown adipogenesis in humans are highlighted.
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