Journal
ARCHIVES OF PHARMACAL RESEARCH
Volume 38, Issue 12, Pages 2143-2152Publisher
PHARMACEUTICAL SOC KOREA
DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0678-4
Keywords
Grape skin; Anthocyanins; Deep eutectic solvents; Tunability; Green extraction; Response surface methodology
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Funding
- Basic Science Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea - Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology, Republic of Korea [2011-0024225]
- National Research Foundation of Korea [2011-0024225] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
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Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were investigated as tunable, environmentally benign, yet superior extraction media to enhance the extraction of anthocyanins from grape skin, which is usually discarded as waste. Ten DESs containing choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor combined with different hydrogen bond donors were screened for high extraction efficiencies based on the anthocyanin extraction yields. As a result, citric acid, d-(+)-maltose, and fructose were selected as the effective DES components, and the newly designed DES, CM-6 that is composed of citric acid and d-(+)-maltose at 4:1 molar ratio, exhibited significantly higher levels of anthocyanin extraction yields than conventional extraction solvents such as 80 % aqueous methanol. The final extraction method was established based on the ultrasound-assisted extraction under conditions optimized using response surface methodology. Its extraction yields were double or even higher than those of conventional methods that are time-consuming and use volatile organic solvents. Our method is truly a green method for anthocyanin extraction with great extraction efficiency using a minimal amount of time and solvent. Moreover, this study suggested that grape skin, the by-products of grape juice processing, could serve as a valuable source for safe, natural colorants or antioxidants by use of the eco-friendly extraction solvent, CM-6.
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