RBC Transfusion in Pediatric Patients Supported With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Is There an Impact on Tissue Oxygenation?

Objective: To examine first the RBC transfusion practice in pediatric patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and second the relationship between transfusion of RBCs and changes in mixed venous saturation (Svo(2)) and cerebral regional tissue oxygenation, as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy in patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Design: Retrospective observational study. Setting: Pediatric, cardiovascular, and neonatal ICUs of a tertiary care children's hospital. Patients: All pediatric patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2010. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: There were 45 patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The median (interquartile range) phlebotomy during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was 75mL/kg (33, 149mL/kg). A total of 617 transfusions were administered (median, 9 per patient; range = 1-57). RBC volumes transfused during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support were 254mL/kg (136, 557) and 267mL/kg (187, 393; p = 0.82) for cardiac and noncardiac patients, respectively. Subtracting the volume of RBCs used for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit priming, median RBC transfusion volumes were 131 and 80mL/kg for cardiac and noncardiac patients, respectively (p = 0.26). The cardiac surgical patients received the most RBCs (529 vs 74mL/kg for nonsurgical cardiac patients). The median hematocrit maintained during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was 37%, with no difference between cardiac and noncardiac patients. Patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were exposed to a median of 10.9 (range, 3-43) individual donor RBC units. Most transfusions resulted in no significant change in either Svo(2) or cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy. Only 5% of transfusions administered (31/617) resulted in an increase in Svo(2) of more than 5%, whereas an increase in cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy of more than 5 was only observed in 9% of transfusions (53/617). Most transfusions (73%) were administered at a time when the pretransfusion Svo(2) was more than 70%. Conclusions: Patients supported with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were exposed to large RBC transfusion volumes for treatment of mild anemia resulting from blood loss, particularly phlebotomy. In the majority of events, RBC transfusion did not significantly alter global tissue oxygenation, as assessed by changes in Svo(2) and cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy. Most transfusions were administered at a time at which the patient did not appear to be oxygen delivery dependent according to global measures of tissue oxygenation.