Journal
PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS
Volume 20, Issue 8, Pages 830-833Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.04.012
Keywords
Parkinson's disease; Olfactory dysfunction; Smell test; Sniffin' Sticks; Cultural adaption
Categories
Funding
- EU European Regional Developmental Fund [3.2.1001.11-0017]
- European Social Fund
- Estonian Research Council [9199, IUT2-4]
- Reta Lila Weston Trust for Medical Research
- UCL
- UNICAMP
- FAPESP
- Parkinson's UK
- Teva Lundbeck
- Genus
- Ipsen
- Abbvie
- PSP Association
- Weston Trust - The Reta Lila Howard Foundation
- Estonian Research Council
- University of Tartu
- EU European Regional Developmental Fund
- European Commission Scientific Fund
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The aim of the study was to develop a culturally adapted translation of the 12-item smell identification test from Sniffin' Sticks (SS-12) for the Estonian population in order to help diagnose Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods: A standard translation of the SS-12 was created and 150 healthy Estonians were questioned about the smells used as response options in the test. Unfamiliar smells were replaced by culturally familiar options. The adapted SS-12 was applied to 70 controls in all age groups, and thereafter to 50 PD patients and 50 age- and sex-matched controls. Results: 14 response options from 48 used in the SS-12 were replaced with familiar smells in an adapted version, in which the mean rate of correct response was 87% (range 73-99) compared to 83% with the literal translation (range 50-98). In PD patients, the average adapted SS-12 score (5.4/12) was significantly lower than in controls (average score 8.9/12), p < 0.0001. A multiple linear regression using the score in the SS-12 as the outcome measure showed that diagnosis and age independently influenced the result of the SS-12. A logistic regression using the SS-12 and age as covariates showed that the SS-12 (but not age) correctly classified 79.0% of subjects into the PD and control category, using a cut-off of <7 gave a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 86% for the diagnosis of PD. Conclusions: The developed SS-12 cultural adaption is appropriate for testing olfaction in Estonia for the purpose of PD diagnosis. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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