Journal
PARKINSONISM & RELATED DISORDERS
Volume 19, Issue 12, Pages 1164-1166Publisher
ELSEVIER SCI LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.08.014
Keywords
Parkinson's disease; Occupation; Ultraviolet radiation; Vitamin D
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Funding
- NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Science [R01ES10750, P42ES004696]
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Background: Human and animal studies, albeit not fully consistent, suggest that vitamin D may reduce risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Ultraviolet radiation converts vitamin D precursor to the active form. This study examined the hypothesis that working outdoors is associated with a decreased risk of PD. Methods: PD cases were enrolled from Group Health Cooperative, a health maintenance organization in the Puget Sound region in western Washington State, and the University of Washington Neurology Clinic in Seattle. Participants included 447 non-Hispanic Caucasian newly diagnosed PD cases diagnosed between 1992 and 2008 and 578 unrelated neurologically normal controls enrolled in Group Health Cooperative, frequency matched by race/ethnicity, age and gender. Subjects' amount of outdoor work was estimated from self-reported occupational histories. Jobs were categorized by degree of time spent working outdoors. A ten-year lag interval was included to account for disease latency. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cls) were estimated by logistic regression, with adjustment for age, gender, and smoking. Results: Outdoor work was inversely associated with risk of PD (outdoor only compared to indoor only): OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.44-1.25. However, there was no trend in relation to portion of the workday spent laboring outdoors and PD risk. Conclusion: Occupational sunlight exposure and other correlates of outdoor work is not likely to have a substantial role in the etiology of PD. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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