Vegetation and environmental dynamics in the southern Black Sea region since 18 kyr BP derived from the marine core 22-GC3

Sediments from the Black Sea, a region historically dominated by forests and steppe landscapes, are a valuable source of detailed information on the changes in regional terrestrial and aquatic environments at decadal to millennial scales. Here we present multi-proxy environmental records (pollen, dinoflagellate cysts, Ca, Ti and oxygen isotope data) from the uppermost 305 cm of the core 22-GC3 (42 degrees 13.53'N, 36 degrees 29.55'E) collected from a water depth of 838 m in the southern part of the Black Sea in 2007. The records span the last similar to 18 kyr (all ages are given in cal kyr BP). The pollen data reveal the dominance of the Artemisia-steppe in the region, suggesting rather dry/cold environments similar to 18-14.5 kyr BP. Warming/humidity increase during melt-water pulses (similar to 16.1-14.5 kyr BP), indicated by delta O-18 records from the 22-GC3 core sediment and from the Sofular Cave stalagmite, is expressed in more negative delta C-13 values from the Sofular Cave, usually interpreted as the spreading of C3 plants. The records representing the interstadial complex (similar to 14.5-12.9 kyr BP) show an increase in temperature and moisture, indicated by forest development, increased primary productivity and reduced surface run-off, whereas the switch from primary terrigenous to primary authigenic Ca origin occurs similar to 500 yr later. The Younger Dryas cooling is clearly demonstrated by more negative delta C-13 values from the Sofular Cave and a reduction of pines. The early Holocene (11.7-8.5 kyr BP) interval reveals relatively dry conditions compared to the mostly moist and warm middle Holocene (8.5-5 kyr BP), which is characterized by the establishment of the species-rich warm mixed and temperate deciduous forests in the low elevation belt, temperate deciduous beech-hornbeam forests in the middle and cool conifer forest in upper mountain belt. The border between the early and middle Holocene in the vegetation records coincides with the opening of the Mediterranean corridor at similar to 8.3 kyr BP, as indicated by a marked change in the dinocyst assemblages and in the sediment lithology. Changes in the pollen assemblages indicate a reduction in forest cover after similar to 5 kyr BP, which was likely caused by increased anthropogenic pressure on the regional vegetation. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.