Complications of spinal cord stimulation: Identification, treatment, and prevention

Spinal cord stimulation is a therapy used for the relief of neuropathic pain of the trunk and limbs. The therapy was first reported four decades ago, and has improved in many areas including technical equipment, patient selection, and physician training. Despite these advances, complications are still seen with both the implantation and long-term use of these devices. This article gives an overview of the identification, treatment, and follow-up care of patients suffering complications. A close analysis is also made of clinical assessment and actions that are important in reducing or preventing these sometimes devastating events.