Inverted bulk-heterojunction solar cell with cross-linked hole-blocking layer

We have developed a hole-blocking layer for bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on cross-linked polyethylenimine (PEI). We tested five different ether-based cross-linkers and found that all of them give comparable solar cell efficiencies. The initial idea that a cross-linked layer is more solvent resistant compared to a pristine PEI layer could not be confirmed. With and without cross-linking, the PEI layer sticks very well to the surface of the indium-tin-oxide electrode and cannot be removed by solvents used to process PEI or common organic semiconductors. The cross-linked PEI hole-blocking layer functions for multiple donor-acceptor blends. We found that using cross-linkers improves the reproducibility of the device fabrication process. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.