Neighbouring group participation vs. addition to oxacarbenium ions: studies on the synthesis of mycobacterial oligosaccharides

Neighbouring group participation is frequently used to control the stereoselectivity of chemical reactions. Herein, we investigate the use of neighbouring group participation for the synthesis of disaccharides incorporating the mycobacterial sugar methylthioxylose. A bicyclic thioglycoside was activated by methylation to generate a methylsulfonium group that would act both as the anomeric leaving group, and also provide the methylsulfide group in the product. Model reactions indicated that the bicyclic intermediate would also act as a participating group to direct the acceptor alcohol to the lower alpha-face of the sugar. While the key sulfonium intermediate could be detected in the reaction mixture, the glycosylation reaction proceeded with moderate stereoselectivity, apparently via an S(N)1-type mechanism. Density functional theory calculations were used to compare our methylthioxylose sulfonium ion with a trans-decalin-like sulfonium ion described by Boons and co-workers to be an alpha-directing participating group (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 12090). Our studies show that even where a bicyclic sulfonium ion can be detected in the reaction mixture, caution should be applied before invoking it as an intermediate on the reaction pathway.