In vitro behavior of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast with different annealing temperature titania nanotubes

Objective: Titanium oxide nanotube layers by anodization have excellent potential for dental implants because of good bone cell promotion. It is necessary to evaluate osteoblast behavior on different annealing temperature titania nanotubes for actual implant designs. Materials and methods: Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-Ray polycrystalline Diffractometer (XRD), X-ray photoelectron Spectroscope, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to characterize the different annealing temperature titania nanotubes. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, MTT, and Alizarin Red-S staining were used to evaluate the MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast behavior on different annealing temperature nanotubes. Results: The tubular morphology was constant when annealed at 450 degrees C and 550 degrees C, but collapsed when annealed at 650 degrees C. XRD exhibited the crystal form of nanotubes after formation (amorphous), after annealing at 450 degrees C (anatase), and after annealing at 550 degrees C (anatase/rutile). Annealing led to the complete loss of fluorine on nanotubes at 550 degrees C. Average surface roughness of different annealing temperature nanotubes showed no difference by AFM analysis. The proliferation and mineralization of preostoblasts cultured on anatase or anatase/rutile nanotube layers were shown to be significantly higher than smooth, amorphous nanotube layers. Conclusion: Annealing can change the crystal form and composition of nanotubes. The nanotubes after annealing can promote osteoblast proliferation and mineralization in vitro.