Journal
OPTICAL MATERIALS
Volume 32, Issue 1, Pages 221-233Publisher
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.optmat.2009.07.014
Keywords
Organic light-emitting devices; Light out-coupling techniques; External efficiency
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Funding
- DRDO, New Delhi [ERIP/ER/073669]
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Organic electroluminescent devices are becoming increasingly important because of their potential applications for large area flat-panel displays and general lighting. The internal quantum efficiency of these devices have been achieved near 100% using electro-phosphorescent materials with proper management of singlet and triplet excitons. however, the external quantum efficiency of conventional devices remains near 20% because of losses due to wave-guiding effect. Recently, there has been great progress to enhance the light out-coupling efficiency of organic electroluminescent devices by means of various internal and external device modification techniques. In this review we report recent advances in light out-coupling techniques, such as, substrate modification methods, use of scattering medium, micro-lens arrays, microcavity effect, photonic crystals and nano-cavity, nano-particles, nano-structures and surface plasmon-enhanced techniques that have been implemented to enhance the external extraction efficiency of organic electro-luminescent devices. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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