Journal
ONCOLOGY REPORTS
Volume 32, Issue 3, Pages 935-942Publisher
SPANDIDOS PUBL LTD
DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3298
Keywords
pancreatic cancer stem cell; HIP-1 alpha; autophagy; Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
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Funding
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province [BK2011487]
- Social Development Foundation of Zhenjiang City [SH2012028, SH2013026]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [81001319, 81370084, 81101677]
- Postdoctoral foundation of China [2012M511705, 2013T60508]
- Postdoctoral foundation of Jiangsu Province [1102129C]
- Natural Science Foundation of Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province [10KJB310003]
- High-Tech of Jiangsu University [11JDG128]
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Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) facilitates the escape of pancreatic cancer cells from the primary tumor site, which is a key early event in metastasis. In the present study, we examined if intermittent hypoxia facilitates the invasiveness of human pancreatic cancer cell lines (Panc-1 and BxPC-3) by Transwell assay. We used western blotting and flow cytometry analysis to quantify stem-like cells in the migratory cells during intermittent hypoxia in the human pancreatic cancer cells. Under normoxia or intermittent hypoxia, the expression of autophagy-related proteins (LC3-II and Beclin), hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIP-1 alpha) and EMT-related markers (E-cadherin, Vimentin and N-cadherin) was examined by western blotting. siRNA and the autophagic inhibitor were used to access the role of HIF-1 alpha and autophagy in promoting metastasis and EMT. Under intermittent hypoxia, pancreatic cancer cells demonstrated enhanced invasive ability and enriched stem-like cells. The migratory cells displayed stem-like cell characteristics and elevated the expression of LC3-II and Beclin-1, HIP-1 alpha, E-cadherin, Vimentin and N-cadherin under intermittent hypoxia conditions. Moreover, enhanced autophagy was induced by the elevated level of HIF-1 alpha. The metastatic ability and EMT of pancreatic cancer stem cells was associated with HIP-1 alpha and autophagy. This novel finding may indicate the specific role of HIF-1 alpha and autophagy in promoting the metastatic ability of pancreatic cancer stem cells. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of developing therapeutic strategies targeting cancer stem cells and autophagy to reduce metastasis.
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