Tumor necrosis factor α induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and promotes metastasis via NF-κB signaling pathway-mediated TWIST expression in hypopharyngeal cancer

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism in cancer metastasis. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) can induce cancer invasion and metastasis associated with EMT. However, the underlying mechanisms are not entirely clear. Therefore, we investigated whether TNF has an effect on EMT and invasion and metastasis in human hypopharyngeal cancer FaDu cells, and further explored the potential mechanisms. In the present study, we demonstrated that TNF induced EMT in FaDu cells and promoted FaDu cell migration and invasion. TNF-induced EMT was characterized by a change from well organized cell-cell adhesion and cell polarity to loss of cell-cell contacts, cell scattering and increased expression of vimentin and N-cadherin accompanied by a decrease in E-cadherin. Furthermore, we found that p65 translocated to the nucleus after TNF stimulation and increased the nuclear expression of TWIST. We demonstrated that TNF treatment also increased the expression of TWIST by activating the NF-B signaling pathway. While p65 was inhibited by siRNA-65 or BAY11-7082 (inhibitor of NF-B), TWIST expression was also decreased. Therefore, we conclude that TNF induces EMT and promotes metastasis via NF-B signaling pathway-mediated TWIST expression in hypopharyngeal cancer.