Journal
ONCOGENE
Volume 29, Issue 38, Pages 5299-5310Publisher
NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP
DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.261
Keywords
HMGB1; apoptosis; autophagy; Beclin 1; redox; chemotheraphy
Funding
- NIH [1 P01 CA 101944-04]
- NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE [P01CA101944] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF GENERAL MEDICAL SCIENCES [R01GM062508] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
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The functional relationship and cross-regulation between autophagy and apoptosis is complex. In this study we show that the high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a redox-sensitive regulator of the balance between autophagy and apoptosis. In cancer cells, anticancer agents enhanced autophagy and apoptosis, as well as HMGB1 release. HMGB1 release may be a prosurvival signal for residual cells after various cytotoxic cancer treatments. Diminished HMGB1 by short hairpin RNA transfection or inhibition of HMGB1 release by ethyl pyruvate or other small molecules led predominantly to apoptosis and decreased autophagy in stressed cancer cells. In this setting, reducible HMGB1 binds to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs), but not to Toll-like receptor 4, induces Beclin1-dependent autophagy and promotes tumor resistance to alkylators (melphalan), tubulin disrupting agents (paclitaxel), DNA crosslinkers (ultraviolet light) and DNA intercalators (oxaliplatin or adriamycin). On the contrary, oxidized HMGB1 increases the cytotoxicity of these agents and induces apoptosis mediated by the caspase-9/-3 intrinsic pathway. HMGB1 release, as well as its redox state, thus links autophagy and apoptosis, representing a suitable target when coupled with conventional tumor treatments. Oncogene (2010) 29, 5299-5310; doi:10.1038/onc.2010.261; published online 12 July 2010
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