Journal
OCEANOGRAPHY
Volume 24, Issue 3, Pages 82-99Publisher
OCEANOGRAPHY SOC
DOI: 10.5670/oceanog.2011.59
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Funding
- NOAA-RUSALCA
- European Union [EVK2-CT-200200139, 018509GOCE]
- US National Science Foundation [ARC0632231, ARC0633885, 1022843, 0230254]
- Canadian Federal Programme for the International Polar Year [IPY 2006-SR1-CC-135]
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada
- [NSF-ARC-0632154]
- [NSF-ARC-0855748]
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Office of Polar Programs (OPP) [0908124, 1022472] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Office of Polar Programs (OPP) [0855748] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
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In recent decades, the Arctic Ocean has changed dramatically. Exchanges through the main oceanic gateways indicate two main processes of global climatic importance-poleward oceanic heat flux into the Arctic Ocean and export of freshwater toward the North Atlantic. Since the 1990s, in particular during the International Polar Year (2007-2009), extensive observational efforts were undertaken to monitor volume, heat, and freshwater fluxes between the Arctic Ocean and the subpolar seas on scales from daily to multiyear. This paper reviews present-day estimates of oceanic fluxes and reports on technological advances and existing challenges in measuring exchanges through the main oceanic gateways to the Arctic.
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