Natural Convection Heat Transfer in an Enclosure Filled with an Ethylene Glycol-Copper Nanofluid Under Magnetic Fields

This article presents the results of a numerical study on natural convection in a square enclosure filled with ethylene glycol-copper nanofluid in the presence of magnetic fields. Two opposite horizontal walls of the enclosure are insulated and the two vertical walls are kept constant at different temperatures. A uniform horizontal magnetic field is externally imposed. The governing equations (mass, momentum, and energy) are formulated and solved numerically with a finite element using COMSOL Multiphysics. The effects of pertinent parameters such as Rayleigh number (10(3)<= Ra <= 10(7)), Hartmann number (0 <= Ha <= 120), and solid volume fraction (0 <=phi <= 0.06) on the flow and the heat transfer performance of the enclosure are examined when the Prandtl number is assumed to be Pr=151.