Nanostructured carbide surfaces prepared by surfactant sputtering

Nanostructured surface layers of titanium carbide and tungsten carbide were prepared on tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) films using the surfactant sputtering technique. Surfactant sputtering is a novel ion beam erosion technique, which utilizes the steady state coverage of a substrate surface with foreign atoms simultaneously during sputter erosion by combined ion irradiation and atom deposition. These foreign atoms act as surfactants, which strongly modify the substrate sputtering yield on atomic to macroscopic length scales. The novel technique allows smoothing of surfaces, the generation of novel surface patterns and nanostructures, controlled shaping of surfaces on the nanometer scale and the formation of ultra-thin compound surface layers. We have sputter eroded ta-C films using 5 keV Xe ions under continuous deposition of either tungsten or titanium surfactants. This leads to the steady state formation of a WxC or a TiC/a-C nanocomposite surface layer of few nm thickness. Depending on the ion angle of incidence the layer is either smooth or nanostructured with a ripple- or dot-like surface topography. We have analyzed the surface topography, the composition and microstructure of the metal-carbon nanocomposites, and compare coverage dependent sputtering yields with SRIM and TRIDYN simulations. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.