Journal
NICOTINE & TOBACCO RESEARCH
Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 447-455Publisher
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1080/14622200801901906
Keywords
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Funding
- NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON DRUG ABUSE [R21DA019626, R01DA010605, R21DA023459] Funding Source: NIH RePORTER
- NIDA NIH HHS [R21DA023459, R21DA019626, DA10605] Funding Source: Medline
- NIDA NIH HHS [DA10605, R21DA019626, R21DA023459, R01 DA010605, R21 DA019626, R21 DA023459] Funding Source: Medline
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Data from epidemiological studies suggest that individual differences in cigarettes per day (CPD) and duration of smoking account for only a small portion of the variance in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4(th) ed.) (DSM-IV) nicotine dependence. However, DSM-IV may be an insensitive measure of nicotine dependence; other measures might better reflect the true nature of the relationship between use and dependence. This paper describes the relationship between cigarettes per day (CPD) and years smoking and the severity of nicotine dependence as measured by the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS). Furthermore, we assessed the validity of individual differences in nicotine dependence by determining whether they related to cue-evoked craving during abstinence. Data were pooled from five laboratory studies of 489 regular (i.e., 15+ CPD) smokers. In contrast to previously reported data demonstrating a relatively strong relationship between CPD and dependence in chippers (Shiffman Sayette, 2005), CPD and years smoking accounted for a statistically significant, but small (<6%), portion of the variance in nicotine dependence in daily smokers. Individual differences in both CPD and years smoking had little or no relationship with craving. However, the magnitude of craving was significantly related to the degree of nicotine dependence even after controlling for use variables and excluding craving-related items on the NDSS. These data suggest that among moderate to heavy daily smokers, meaningful individual differences in nicotine dependence are observed independent of differences in current daily cigarette consumption and duration of smoking. Further research into the sources of this variance is critical to understanding the process of and risk for nicotine dependence.
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