Quick tests for detecting glyphosate-resistant Italian and perennial ryegrass

Three quick tests were evaluated for detecting glyphosate-resistant biotypes of Italian ryegrass and perennial ryegrass. Biotypes of these two species were used that were 13.4 and 7.3 times more resistant to glyphosate, respectively, than susceptible biotypes when assessed using a sprayed pot study. One assay exposed germinating seeds of resistant and susceptible populations for 8 days to different concentrations of glyphosate. Measurements of reduction in seedling root growth gave an estimate of resistance magnitude of 10.8 and 8.9 for Italian ryegrass and perennial ryegrass, respectively, similar to that from the sprayed pot study. Two other assays were tested and were able to differentiate resistant and susceptible biotypes. One measured the relative levels of shikimic acid in leaves following exposure to glyphosate; four to seven times more shikimic acid accumulated in glyphosate-susceptible populations of Italian and perennial ryegrass than in resistant populations. The other assay involved growing tillers of the plants in glyphosate solutions and the results showed that at glyphosate concentrations of 10 and 40 mg/L, the plantlets of resistant plants showed negligible visual injury and growth reduction compared with susceptible ones. Results obtained from these assays were not affected by whether the glyphosate formulation used was an isopropylamine salt or potassium salt.