Journal
NEW PHYTOLOGIST
Volume 196, Issue 3, Pages 713-725Publisher
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04258.x
Keywords
allele frequency gradients; black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa); genome resequencing; linkage disequilibrium (LD); population structure; recombination
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Funding
- BioEnergy Science Center, a US Department of Energy (DOE) Bioenergy Research Center (Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the DOE Office of Science)
- Province of British Columbia through Genome British Columbia Applied Genomics Innovation Program [103BIO]
- Office of Science of the DOE [DE-AC02-05CH11231]
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Plant population genomics informs evolutionary biology, breeding, conservation and bioenergy feedstock development. For example, the detection of reliable phenotypegenotype associations and molecular signatures of selection requires a detailed knowledge about genome-wide patterns of allele frequency variation, linkage disequilibrium and recombination. We resequenced 16 genomes of the model tree Populus trichocarpa and genotyped 120 trees from 10 subpopulations using 29 213 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Significant geographic differentiation was present at multiple spatial scales, and range-wide latitudinal allele frequency gradients were strikingly common across the genome. The decay of linkage disequilibrium with physical distance was slower than expected from previous studies in Populus, with r(2) dropping below 0.2 within 36 kb. Consistent with this, estimates of recent effective population size from linkage disequilibrium (N-e approximate to 4000-6000) were remarkably low relative to the large census sizes of P. trichocarpa stands. Fine-scale rates of recombination varied widely across the genome, but were largely predictable on the basis of DNA sequence and methylation features. Our results suggest that genetic drift has played a significant role in the recent evolutionary history of P. trichocarpa. Most importantly, the extensive linkage disequilibrium detected suggests that genome-wide association studies and genomic selection in undomesticated populations may be more feasible in Populus than previously assumed.
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