Splitting of the Kondo resonance in anisotropic magnetic impurities on surfaces

Using the numerical renormalization group method, we study the splitting of the Kondo resonance by a magnetic field applied in different directions in the Kondo model for anisotropic magnetic impurities. Several types of magnetic anisotropy are considered: the XXZ exchange coupling anisotropy J(perpendicular to) not equal J(z), the longitudinal magnetic anisotropy DS(z)(2) and the transverse magnetic anisotropy E(S(x)(2) - S(y)(2)). In the spin-1/2 model with the XXZ exchange coupling anisotropy, we find very small direction dependence in the magnitude of the splitting. In the spin-3/2 model with the easy-plane (D > 0) anisotropy, we observe very unequal magnitudes with further differences between the x- and y-directions in the presence of an additional transverse anisotropy. A simple and rather intuitive interpretation is that the splitting is larger in magnetically soft directions. The magnitude of the splitting is directly related to the energy differences between spin states and it is only weakly modified by some multiplicative factor due to Kondo screening. The results for the S = 3/2 model are in good agreement with recent scanning tunneling spectroscopy studies of Co impurities adsorbed on CuN islands on Cu(100) surfaces (Otte A F et al 2008 Nat. Phys. 4 847).