Efficient enzymatic preparation of hydroxycinnamates in ionic liquids enhances their antioxidant effect on lipoproteins oxidative modification

Biocatalytic lipophilization of hydroxycinnamic acids was performed in several BF4- and PF6- imidazolium ionic liquids using immobilized lipases. The influence of various reaction parameters on the performance of the biocatalytic process was pointed out, using as model reaction the esterification of ferulic acid. The biocatalytic lipophilization strongly depended on the ion composition of ionic liquids used. Conversions and initial reaction rates were significantly higher in PF6- as compared with BF4- ionic liquids and commonly used organic solvents. The high enzyme stability and the relative solubility of substrate versus product in PF6- ionic liquids can account for the improved synthesis of lipophilic ferulates. These lipophilic derivatives, when used at a concentration of up to 400-fold lower than the parental compound, efficiently inhibited the oxidation of isolated LDL, HDL and total serum in vitro. Moreover, it has been shown for the first time that the lipophilic ferulates improve the antioxidant efficiency of the HDL3c towards LDL in vitro oxidation.