Journal
NEUROTOXICOLOGY
Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 59-69Publisher
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.11.003
Keywords
Ginkgolide K; PC 12 cells; Ca2+; ROS; Bax protein; Bcl-2 protein; Caspase-3 protein
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Funding
- National Nature Science Fund of China [81001384]
- Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province [2010b030700020]
- Science and Technology Project of GuangZhou City [2010gn-c041]
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Glutamate is considered to be responsible for the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia disease. [Ca2+](i) influx and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are considered to be involved in glutamate-induced apoptosis process. In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of ginkgolide K in the glutamate-induced rat's adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC 12 cells) and the possible mechanism. Glutamate cytotoxicity in PC 12 cells was accompanied by an increment of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, as well as Ca2+ influx, bax/bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c release, caspase-3 protein and ROS generation, and reduction of cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Moreover, treatment with glutamate alone resulted in decrease activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity. However, pretreatment with ginkgolide K significantly reduced MDA content, LDH release, as well as Ca2+ influx, cytochrome c release, bax/bcl-2 ratio, caspase-3 protein and ROS production, and attenuated the decrease of cells viability and MMP. In addition, ginkgolide K remarkedly up-regulated SOD and GSH-PX activities. All these findings indicated that ginkgolide K protected PC12 cells against glutamate-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Ca2+ influx and ROS production. Therefore, the present study supports the notion that ginkgolide K may be a promising neuroprotective agent for the treatment of cerebral ischemia disease. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier Inc.
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